4.2 Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig) Macbr.
Family: Sapotaceae
Syn : Bassia longifolia J.Koenig ex. L.
B. latifolia Roxb.
Madhuca indica J. Gmelin.
Vernacular names:
English: Butter tree Sanskrit: Madhuca
Hindi: Mahua
Tamil: Illuppai
4.2.1. Morphological characters:
It is a medium sized semi-evergreen tree found in deciduous to dry deciduous forests from plains to 1000 m MSL. It is often planted in temple lands (Fig. 32) for its oil-bearing kernels. Plants are up to 10-20 m high with much branched 3-5 bough and densely foliated large crown. The milky latex is copiously present throughout the plant except in cork region, corolla, ripened fruits and matured kernels. Plants are easily identified by the presence of crowded leaves in apical and presence of scars on branch-lets made by leaves and flowers. Leaves are shed during winter (Jan.-Feb.). Pink colored new foliage along with flower buds arises on early autumn (April - May). Maturation of fruits occurs during spring (June) and extends up to rainy season (Sep.). Juvenile parts are woolly tomentose. Two armed pointed hairs are present on the abaxial surface of the leaves (Fig. 60). Leaves and flowers are crowded near the apices of the branch-lets. Corolla lobes are fleshy and have a strong fetid odor. Its flowering period is usually restricted to 10-15 days. Berries have strong pleasant smell, which attract birds, especially fruit eating bats.
Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) var. Iatifolia A Chev.
Syn.: M indica J.Gmelin.
M. latifolia (Roxb.) Macbride
Bassia latifolia Roxb.
Vernacular names
English: North Indian Butter tree Madhuca
Sanskrit: Madhuca
Hindi: Mahua
Tamil: Katuilluppai (Wild)
Trees grow up-to 15-20 m high. Found commonly in hills, less in plains and sometimes found along with var. longifolia. Leaves are elliptic, 12.0-18.6 X 2.8-3.5 cm in size coriaceous on ageing, acute to acuminate, dark green and glabrous on upper surface and light green on lower surface. Brown tomentose hairs are present on lower surface when young. Lateral nerves are 912 pairs. Petiole is 1.4-2.4 cm in length. 20-30 flowers in fascicles are crowded near the apex of branch-lets (Fig. 36). The pedicels are stout (Fig. 37B), 2.9-4.6 cm in length, re-flexed, fulvous and tomentose when young. Flowers are bisexual and hypogynous. Sepals 4, in 2 rows of 2 each polysepalous brown obovate tip acute aestivation valvate in outer row but imbricate in inner row 0.6-0.8 cm, fulvous tomentose on abaxial surface and persistent for a short while. Petals are 10 and gamopetalous, tube fleshy, spherical to elliptical, 1.2 X 1.0 cm in size. Tip of lobes are 0.5 X 0. 3 cm in size, tip acute, erect and white to dull white to creamy in color. Anthers vary in number from 18-22, arranged in 3 alternate rows 0.35 X 0.1 cm in size, hairy on back connectives apiculate, brown in color and split longitudinally. Ovary globose, villous, syncarpous, superior, locule 6-8, 0.3 cm across, placentation axial, style exerted, 1.8-2.0 cm long, stigma simple and pointed.
Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig.) Macbr. var.longifolia
Syn: M. longifolia (J. Koenig) Macbr.
Bassia longifolia J. Koenig.
Vernacular names
English: South Indian Butter tree, Madhuca
Sanskrit: Madhuca
Hindi: Mahua
Tamil: Naattuilluppai (country)
Plants grow up-to 10-15 m high, found commonly in plains and rarely in hills. Leaves are oblong to oblanceolate, 12.3 – 20.3 X 3.3 - 6.1 cm in size, sub-coriaceous on ageing, acute to obtuse, upper surface is pale green, glabrous, mildly dazzle, lower surface is rusty pubescent when young but strictly glabrous on maturity. Lateral nerves are 8-10 pairs. Petiole is up-to 1.52.7 cm in length. 30-45 flowers in fascicles crowded near the apex of the branch-lets (Fig. 35). Pedicel is long, slender (Fig. 37 A), 8-9.3 cm in length, re-flexed and glabrous. Flowers are hypogynous and bisexual. Sepals are 6.5-9.0 cm in size. Corolla tube is spherical, 1. 3 X 1.2 cm in size, lobes are 0.4 X 0. 3 cm in size, white to dull white to yellowish in color. Anthers 20-24 in 2 alternate rows, 0.5 X 0.1 cm in size, often minutely 3 toothed. Locules are 8-10, style exerted and 1.6-2.2 cm in length. Fruit axis is long and slender, fruits elipsoid (Fig. 38B), 3 X 6 cm in size and one seeded.
4.2.2. Description of useful parts
Stem bark, corolla and oil from seed kernel of M. longifolia are medicinally and commercially useful.
Bark of M. longifolia var. latifolia
The stem bark has longitudinal and horizontal deep fractures and appears as quadrangular or poly-angular patches (Fig. 34 and 41). Matured stem bark is externally blackish brown in color (Fig. 41A) and internally deep red (Fig. 41B). It is curved when fresh but channeled or quelled on drying. The bark reveals 2 zones, dark brown outer zone (cork cells) and deep red inner zone (phelloderm). On handling, cork region is easily detached off as scales.
The thickness of the outer and inner barks is nearly equal. Generally, the thickness of bark is 1.25-2.0 cm when fresh, but 1.0-1.75 cm when dried. Fracture is irregular in outer bark but fibrous in inner bark. Fresh inner bark has milky latex. Latex yields more copious during rainy seasons. The powder of the bark is reddish brown in color, texture is granular and taste is mild bitter and odor indistinct.
Matured barks of bough also resemble that of trunk. However, the barks of young branches are different. The thickness of the cork layer is less than the inner bark, because the cork layer is pealed off. Very young bark (1-2 mm thickness) has equal outer and inner barks. Lenticels are numerous. Inner bark is white to pink in color. Outer bark is brown in color. Lenticels are present in the bark of branches and young branch-lets but not in the bough and trunk.
Bark of M. longifolia var. longifolia
The bark of var. longifolia is distinguished from that of var. latifolia by the following characters. The stem bark of the tree is externally grayish brown in color (Fig. 33). Outer cork region has irregular, discontinuous and deep longitudinal furrows (Fig. 40A and B). Outer bark is not detached from the inner bark on handling. The thickness of bark is 1.75-2.5 cm. Outer bark (cork) region is thin and the inner bark (phelloderm) is thicker (three times). Thickness of dried bark is 1.0-1.4 cm. Other characters are similar to that of var. latifolia.
Powdered and macerated bark of both varieties shows the following elements. Phloem fibers are 590-875-1190 X 28-35-65 m in size. Stone cells are observed with varying sizes and shapes, smaller and round (30-40 m) to large and elongated (50-100 X 140-250 m). Some of the stone cells are elongated up to 390 Il. Polygonal shaped parenchyma cells uni- or multi- layered ray cells tanniniferous cells square to elongated cork cells with tanniniferous contents and sieve elements are observed (Fig. 58).
Corolla lobes- var. latifolia
The useful part comprises the corolla with epipetalous stamens. The corolla tube is dull white to cream in color, more or less elliptical when fresh and the number of anther is below 20. On drying, the fleshy spherical tube turns dark brown and shrinks longitudinally. The thickness of tube wall is o. 3 cm in the middle and tapering on both ends. It is sweet in taste and dissolves easily in the mouth. Dry corolla powder is soft and sticky. Corolla powder on storage absorbs moisture and liable to insect and fungal attack.
Var. longifolia:
Corolla lobes are dull white to yellowish in color, spherical in shape and anthers are more than 20 when fresh. Other characters are similar as in var. latifolia.
4.2.1. Anatomical Characters
The following anatomical descriptions apply to both the varieties, var. latifolia and var. longifolia, unless otherwise stated.
Stem
In TS, stem shows four zones, epidermis, broad cortex, narrow vascular zone and large central pith (Fig. 66). Epidermis is single layered, made up of variously shaped cells of 10-12 m in size. Cuticle is thick. Inner to this, is the cortex. It is made up of 20-25 layers of parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces. Cells are circular in outline and 12-40 m in size. Tanniniferous cells are abundant in the cortex. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and laticiferous canals (width: 65-75 m) are also present. Inner to this is the vascular zone with undulating margin. The outer most margin of this zone is 5-8 layered phloem, which is brown in color due to the presence of tannin. Xylem vessels are up to 35 Il in diameter. Rays are uni-seriate to multi-seriate. Tanniniferous cells are present in phloem and ray cells. Pith is parenchymatous cells are circular in outline with intercellular spaces and with diameter ranging from 15-35 m. Tanniniferous cells are abundant. Calcium oxalate crystals are also present.
Bark
Bark is originated from the outermost layer of cortex cells below the epidermis (Fig. 42 and 43). Bark of 0.5 mm in thickness has ruptured epidermis and lenticels (Fig. 67) are present on its surface. Phellem and phelloderm are 4-5 layers thick each. Cortex cells are persistent and primary phloem is present as in the stem. Young bark of 2.0 mm in thickness shows the following zones, phellem, phellogen, phelloderm, patches of pericyclic strands, primary phloem and secondary phloem (Fig. 44 and 68). Phellem consists of 7-10 layers of cork cells. These are elongated, radially arranged, and filled with brown contents. Phellogen is 4-5 layers. Phelloderm is many layered, made up of polygonal shaped cells traversed by patches of stone cells and fibers. Next to the phelloderm are the isolated patches of sclerenchymatic pericyclic strands followed by primary phoem, which is mostly crushed. Secondary phloem is 15-35 layers thick with uniseriate or bi-seriate rays. Calcium oxalate crystals (Fig. 48 and 70) and tannins are present in the cells of phelloderm and rays of phloem. Laticiferous canals are present in phelloderm and secondary phloem. Matured bark of 5-8 mm in thickness shows three distinct zones, outer bark, inner bark and secondary phloem. Outer bark or phellem is 15-25 layers thick (Fig. 69). Inner bark or phelloderm occupies 2/3 of total bark, including secondary phloem. It has patches of stone cells (Size: 50 X 200 ~) cells and fibers 30 ~ in diameter (Fig. 62 and 80). Laticiferous canals, starch grains (Fig. 63) and calcium oxalate crystals (Fig. 46 and 70) are present. Tanniniferous cells are abundant (Fig. 61 and 81). Secondary phloem occupies a small portion of the bark. It has uni- or bi-seriate rays with tanniniferous contents and calcium oxalate crystals. Patches of fibers traversed the secondary phloem. Bark of the main trunk (Fig. 45) is 10-1 3 mm in thickness. It has three zones, the outer bark, inner bark and secondary phloem. Outer bark is composed of 4-7 alternating bands of lignified cells and non-lignified cells. Lignified cells are 6-10 layers in thickness and regularly arranged. Non-lignified cells are 15-30 layers in thickness resembling the cells of phelloderm. Patches of stone cells and fibers are also present. Most of the cells are filled with brown contents. Phelloderm and secondary phloem are present as in the matured barks described above.
In var. longifolia, bark of the trunk is 12- 13 mm in thickness. It has 3-5 alternating bands of lignified and non-lignified cells in the outer bark. In TLS, laticiferous canals are observed as isolated strands (Fig. 47 and 71). They are non-articulated with persistent end walls. However, in TS, these canals are present in-groups also.
Petiole
In TS, petiole is circular in outline with a flat adaxial surface (Fig. 72). It is differentiated into following zone, epidermis, cortex, pericycle, vascular zone and central pith. Epidermis is single layered with a thick cuticle. Cells are square to barrel shaped, 15 X 10 m in size. It is followed by an undifferentiated parenchymatous cortex consisting of 10-27 layers of cells. Cells are round to irregular polygonal in shape. Cells towards periphery are smaller in size 15-20 m in diameter, whereas, they are larger in diameter (20-30 m) in the inner region. Stomatal cavities are small. Vascular zone is more or less circular in outline except on the adaxial side where it is flattened. Pericycle is 3-6 layered, made up of sclerenchyma cells of 8-27 m in size. It is followed by phloem zone of 30-42 m in thickness. Xylem consists of vessel elements, xylem fibers and rays. Vessel elements are endarch and 10-30 m in diameter. Rays are uni- or biseriate, continuous along the xylem and phloem. These cells are elongated, 4-5 X 10-15 m in size. Inner to this is the ground tissue made up' of parenchyma cells. These cells are 30-45 m in size and circular in outline. 3-8 individual medullary vascular bundles are embedded in the ground tissue. The metaxylem of the medullary bundles is lie on the adaxial side of the leaf. Tanniniferous cells and calcium oxalate crystals (Fig. 49 and 73) are abundant in the cortex, phloem and in ground tissue. Laticiferous canals are observed in the cortex and in ground tissue. Towards distal end of the petiole, two ridges are present, in the adaxial surface (Fig. 48). Though the phloem zone of the petiole is continuous on the basal and middle regions, towards distal end of the petiole it is traversed by xylem on two flanks of the flattened adaxial side. Here the xylem adjoins with the pericycle.
Leaf midrib
Leaf midrib in TS, is circular (Fig. 51) to elliptical (Fig. 74) in outline. It has 5 zones, the epidermis, cortex phloem zone, xylem zone, and central pith enclosing medullary vascular tissue. The upper epidermis is single layered with thick cuticle. Epidermal cells are regular, more or less barrel shaped and 10-15 X 8-10 m in size. Inner to this is the parenchymatous cortex. These cells are circular, compactly arranged and smaller (6-12 m) in the peripheral region and larger (15-35 m) towards the inner region. Lower epidermal cells are smaller (5-9 m) in size, compared to the upper epidermal cells. Stomatal openings are present in abaxial surface. The central vascular zone is large and elliptical in shape. It is divisible into 3 layers, the outer sclerenchyma, central phloem and inner xylem. Sclerenchyma layer is 3-7 cells thick, the size of cells ranging between 8-20 m. The phloem ring is discontinuous on lateral sides due to intrusion of xylem. Vessel elements in the periphery are 30-33 m in diameter, whereas they are 15-20 m in the inner region. Uniseriate ray cells traverse the xylem and phloem. Cambium is not distinct. Inner to the xylem ring is the parenchymatous pith. 3-5 medullary vascular bundles are embedded in the pith. Cells of pith and cortex are homogenous, similar in its organization and content. The medullary vascular bundles are closed and endarch. Sometimes these bundles are seen in lateral position. Tanniniferous cells are present in the parenchymatous ground tissue, phloem cells and ray cells. Calcium oxalate crystals of prism type are frequently present in ground tissue (Fig. 75). Their size ranges from 8-12 m. Laticiferous canals are also observed. Two armed epidermal hairs are present in young leaves of var. latifolia.
Lamina
In TS, leaf lamina shows upper and lower epidermis, distinct hypodermis, palisade and spongy layers (Fig. 50 and 76). Lamina is dorsiventral and 180-225 m in thickness. The upper epidermis is single layered with thin cuticle. Epidermal cells are elongated, 14-28 X 1 3-16 m in size and devoid of stomata. Hypodermis is single layered and made up of large sized (15-65 X 20-23 m) and variously shaped cells. It is followed by 2- 3 layers of palisade tissue. The cells are columnar in shape, compactly packed and 28-35 X 6-8 m in size. Palisade cells of second and third layers are smaller in length. Below the palisade tissue, is the spongy tissue. Cells are globular, small, loosely arranged with large air spaces. Large stomatal cavities are present. Tanniniferous contents are observed in spongy cells. The abaxial epidermis is single layered with stomatal openings. The cells are larger (12-18 X 10-12 m) than that in the adaxial surface. Cuticle is thick and ornamented. It appears in sectional view as prongs or rods (Fig. 76). Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the mesophyll (Fig. 77). Upper leaf epidermal (Fig. 78) peeling shows cells with wavy margins. Stomata are absent. Lower epidermal peeling (Fig. 79) show cells with stomatal openings. Stomata are of paracytic type. Cuticle is appearing as ornamented and masking epidermal cell walls.
Calyx
In TS, sepals of the outer whorl are thin and long and that of the inner whorl are broad and short. They are crescent shaped with pointed ends. It is differentiated into outer and inner epidermis and ground tissue embedding vascular bundles (Fig. 52). Epidermis is single layered, made up of square to barrel shaped cells. Cuticle is thick. Stomata are not observed. In var. latifolia, hairs are present on the abaxial surface. In var. longifolia, it is restricted along the margins. Inner ground tissue is many layered, parenchymatous and circular to polygonal in outline. Vascular bundles are arranged in the middle of the ground tissue. Tanniniferous cells are abundant. Calcium oxalate crystals (prism type) are present.
Corolla
In TS, corolla tube is ring shaped and differentiated into three zones, outer epidermis inner epidermis and ground tissue. Epidermis is single layered. Cells are regular, thin walled, barrel shaped, small (15-34 X 10-20 m) and rich in cytoplasm (Fig. 54). Stomata are absent. Cuticle of the outer epidermal peeling is striated and ornamented. The ground tissue consists of parenchymatous cells. These cells are thin walled, with clear intercellular spaces. Cells are of various sizes (25-135 m) and irregular round or elliptical in shape. Up to 50 layers of these cells are found in the middle of the corolla tube and 7-10 layers towards distal and basal regions. The cells in the peripheral region are smaller than those of in the middle of the corolla tube. Vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue. An individual bundle is 15-140 m in size, circular to elliptic in shape and surrounded by one or two layers of smaller parenchyma cells. Apical region of the corolla tube in TS shows 10 individual lobes. These lobes are tapering on both sides.
Androecium
In TS, matured anthers show an epidermal layer with tanniniferous content in most of the cells (Fig. 55). Inner to this is the endothecium. Endothecial cells are elongated, 40 X 15 m in size with longitudinal fibrous bands. It enclo~s the pollen grains. Pollen grains are brown in color, 30-50 m in size.
Gynoecium
Ovary
In TS, ovary shows outer epidermis enclosing ground tissue and 6-10 carpals. Epidermis is single layered with numerous unicellular hairs. The ground tissue is made-up of polygonal shaped parenchyma cells. Laticiferous canals are present in the peripheral region. Locules are embedded in the ground tissue (Fig. 56). Vascular bundles are 6-10 in number, arranged in the outer side of each locule. Tanniniferous cells are abundant in the ground tissue and in the cells lining the locule.
Style
In TS, style is circular in outline. It has an outer epidermis and inner ground tissue (Fig. 53). Epidermis is single layered made of regular and barrel shaped cells with tanniniferous contents. Ground tissue is parenchymatous, circular in outline and with intercellular spaces. Convex shaped stylar canals numbering 6-8 are arranged in a circle at the center. Vascular bundle is present opposite in to each stylar canal. Tanniniferous cells are abundant. Laticiferous canals and calcium oxalates are also observed.
Fruit
In sectional view the fruit reveal fleshy pericarp, 1-6 seeds and a placental region (Fig. 39). Pericarp is 0.3-0.5 cm in thickness in var. longifolia and 0.2-0.3.5 cm in var. latifolia. The pericarp is differentiated into outer and inner epidermis enclosing the homogenous ground tissue (Fig. 57). Epidermis is single layered, which appears polygonal in surface view and covered externally by cutin. Rusty brown hairs are present on the epidermis of young fruits of both the varieties. They are persistent in matured fruits of var. latifolia. Ground tissue is parenchymatous. 3-4 outermost layers of the ground tissue is made-up of smaller (15-25m), round and compactly arranged cells which are rice in tannin. Inner to this are loosely arranged, polygonal, parenchymatous and large sized cells (40-85 m). Vascular bundles are scattered. Lysogenous laticiferous canals (90-125 m in diameter) are scattered throughout the ground tissue. Cells of the ground tissue are filled with starch grains, which are globular and 4-6 in size. Tanniniferous cells are abundant.
Seed Kernel
In TS, matured kernel is simple in its structure, showing epidermis and homogenous ground tissue (Fig. 59). Epidermal cells are single layered, regular, barrel to square shaped, 8-10 1.1. in size and devoid of tanniniferous cells. Tannins are present in inner epidermal cells. Ground tissue is parenchymatous, round to polygonal in shape and 70-120 m in size, but cells in the peripheral region are smaller (25-40 m). Laticiferous canals are absent. Oil bearing cells and tanniniferous cells is abundant. Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue.
4.2.4. Quantitative microscopy
Quantitative microscopical values like stomatal index, vein islet number, vein termination number and palisade ratio of the two varieties are given in Table VI. Stomatal index value and palisade ratio of var. latifolia is higher than var. longifolia. Vein islet number and vein termination number are higher in var. longifolia than that in var. latifolia.
4.2.5. Analytical values
Analytical values like total ash, acid-insoluble ash, loss on drying, solubility percentage in alcohol and water and extractive values in petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, alcohol and water of stem bark and corolla of two varieties of M. longifolia are given in Table VII. Ash value of stem bark is higher in var. longifolia than that of var. latifolia. Ash value of corolla is higher in var. latifolia. Loss on drying is lower in var. longifolia in both stem barks and corolla. For stem bark, solubility percentage in alcohol is higher in both varieties whereas for corolla solubility percentage in water is higher. The varieties show difference in their solubility percentage of both bark and corolla lobes. Extractive values of bark and corolla lobes also reveal differences. Extractive value of bark in petroleum ether and alcohol are significantly higher in var. latifolia. Extractive values of corolla lobes of var. latifolia in benzene are three folds higher.
4.2.6. Study of powder
Behavior of powdered bark and corolla of two varieties on treatment with different chemical reagents and fluorescent behavior are given in Table VIII, IX, X and XI. It shows both similarities and dissimilarities.
4.5.7. Qualitative phytochemical studies
Qualitative phytochemical analysis for alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins and phenols, flavonoids, gums and mucilage’s, fixed oils and fats and saponins of bark and corolla of two varieties of M. longifolia are given in Table XII and XIll respectively. The following distinct analytical differences were observed. Benzene and water extracts of stem bark of var. longifolia are brown and powdery, whereas, in var. latifolia, benzene extract is yellow and sandy and water extract are deep red and powdery. Benzene extract of corolla is brown and oily in var. longifolia but yellow oily in var. latifolia. Qualitative phytochemical tests of two varieties show both similarities and dissimilarities (Table XII and XIll).
4.5.8 Quantitative phytochemical analysis
Tannins and phenols content in stem bark of var. latifolia is higher (230 mg/gm and 54 mg/gm respectively) than that of var. longifolia (190 mg/gm and 50 mg/gm respectively). Sucrose (as invert sugar) in corolla is higher in var. longifolia (55.88%) than that in var. latifolia (47.75%).
4.5.9. Oil from seed kernels
In general, kernel of var. latifolia yields more oil percentage than that of var. longifolia in all the solvents used (hexane, chloroform and petroleum ether). Hexane is the best solvent than the others in extracting maximum percentage of oil from kernels (Table XIV). Analytical standards of oil like refractive index, specific gravity, color of the oil and iodine value are more or less similar in the two varieties. However, saponificaion value is slightly higher in var. latifolia than that in var. longifolia (Table XIV).
Table VI: Quantitative microscopical values of leaves of two varieties of M. longifolia
| Sl. No | Parameters Studied | var. longifolia | var. latifolia |
| 1 | Stomatal index Upper surface Lower surface | ---- 3.64-4.87-5.85 | ---- 4.32-5.04-6.16 |
| 2 | Vein islet number | 7.0-10.23-13.25 | 7.25-9.95-14.0, |
| 3 | Vein termination number | 29.0-39.15-45.75 | 27.5-33.6-41.75 |
| 4 | Palisade ratio | 6.0-8.1-8.7 | 6.2-8.56-8.8 |
Table VII: Analytical values (in percentage) of stel\l bark and corolla of two varieties of M longifolia
| Sl. No | Parameter studied | Bark | Corolla | ||
| var. longifolia | var. latifolia | var. longifolia | var. latifolia | ||
| 1 | Total ash value | 7.6 | 6.7 | 3.0 | 4.9 |
| 2 | Acid insoluble ash value | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
| 3 | Lass on drying | 63.7 | 68.0 | 76.0 | 77.0 |
| 4 | Solubility % in | | | | |
| | Alcohol | 40.0 | 50.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 |
| | Water | 8.6 | 6.6 | 86.0 | 78.0 |
| 5 | Extractive values in | | | | |
| | Petroleum ether | 2.22 | 3.23 | 5.39 | 4.81 |
| | Benzene | 0.43 | 0.39 | 5.58 | 13.81 |
| | Chloroform | 0.16 | 0.14 | 6.00 | 4.81 |
| | Alcohol | 9.69 | 12.52 | 50.21 | 53.67 |
| | Water | 6.37 | 6.53 | 5.98 | 7.00 |
Table-VIII: Behavior of powdered stem bark of two varieties of M. longifolia on treatment with different chemical reagents.
| Sl. No | Powder + Reagent used | var. longifolia | var. latifolia |
| 1 | Powder as such | Reddish brown | Reddish brown |
| 2 | P + Cone. H2SO4 | Brown | Reddish brown |
| 3 | P + Cone. HN03 | Yellowish red | Yellowish red |
| 4 | P + Cone. HCI | Dark brown | Dark brown |
| 5 | P + Acetic acid | Blackish brown | Blackish brown |
| 6 | P+ I0% NaOH | Reddish black | Reddish black |
| 7 | P + 1N HCI | Red | Brown |
| 8 | P + Iodine Solution | Brownish blue | Brownish blue |
| 9 | P + 5 % Ferric chloride | Black | Black |
Table-IX: Behavior of powdered corolla of two varieties of M. longifolia on treatment with different chemical reagents.
| Sl. No | Powder + Reagent used | var. longifolia | var. longifolia |
| I | Powder as such | Black | Black |
| 2 | P + Conc. H2SO4 | Reddish brown | Reddish brown |
| 3 | P + Conc. HN03 | Reddish brown | Reddish black |
| 4 | P + Conc. HCI | Red | Reddish brown |
| 5 | P + Acetic acid | Brown | Brown |
| 6 | P+ I0 % NaOH | Brownish yellow | Yellow |
| 7 | P + 1N HCI | Red | Red |
| 8 | P + Iodine Solution | Brown | Brown |
| 9 | P + 5 % Ferric chloride | Black | Black |
Table X: Fluorescent behavior of powdered stem bark of two varieties of M longifolia
| Sl. No | Powder + Reagent used | var. longifolia | var. latifolia | ||
| Visible light | UV light | Visible light | UV light | ||
| 1 | Powder as such | Reddish brown | Brown | Reddish brown | Brown |
| 2 | P + 50% HN03 | Brownish black | Brownish black | Brownish black | Black |
| 3 | P + 1N HCI | Yellowish brown | Reddish brown | Yellowish brown | Yellow |
| 4 | P + 1N NaOH in Water | Brown | Yellow | Brown | Yellow |
| 5 | P+ 1N NaOH in alcohol | Brown | Yellowish black | Brown | Yellowish black |
Table XI: Fluorescent behavior of powdered corolla of two varieties of M longifolia
| Sl. No | Powder + Reagent used | var. longifolia | var. latifolia | ||
| Visible light | UV light | Visible light | UV light | ||
| 1 | Powder as such | Black | Black | Black | Black |
| 2 | P + 50% HN03 | Brown | Greenish Yellow | Brown | Yellow |
| 3 | P + 1N HCI | Red | Red | Red | Reddish yellow |
| 4 | P + 1N NaOH in Water | Yellow | Yellowish brown | Yellow | Yellowish brown |
| 5 | P+ 1N NaOH in alcohol | Yellow | Brown | Yellow | Brown |
Table XII: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem bark of two varieties of M. longifolia
| Sl No. | Test for | Reagents Used/ Methods adopted | Extracts of | |||||||||||||
| Petroleum ether | Benzene | Chloroform | Alcohol | Water | ||||||||||||
| Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | |||||||
| | Color & Physical consistency | Golden yellow resinous sticky | Golden yellow resinous sticky | Brown powdery | Yellow sandy | Brown powdery | Brown sandy | Bright & deep red to brown powdery | Deep red sticky | Brown powdery | Deep red powdery | |||||
| 1 | Alkaloids. | Picric acid | ++ | + | ++ | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Dragondroff | -- | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | ||||
| | | Mayer's | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | ||||
| | | Wagner's | + | - | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | ||||
| 2 | Carbohydrates | Molish's | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Fehling's | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | ||||
| | | Benedicts | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | ||||
| 3 | Tannins & | Ferric chloride | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | ||||
| | Phenols | Gelatin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | ||||
| | | Lead acetate | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | ||||
| 4 | Flavonoids | Shinoda's test | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 5 | Gums& Mucilage’s | Alcoholic Precipitation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 6 | Fixed oils & fats | Spot test | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 7 | Saponins | Foam test | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | ||||
Table XIII: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem bark of two varieties of M. latifolia
| Sl No. | Test for | Reagents Used/ Methods adopted | Extracts of | |||||||||||||
| Petroleum ether | Benzene | Chloroform | Alcohol | Water | ||||||||||||
| Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | Var. lon. | Var. lat. | |||||||
| | Color & Physical consistency | Golden yellow resinous sticky | Golden yellow resinous sticky | Brown powdery | Yellow sandy | Brown powdery | Brown sandy | Bright & deep red to brown powdery | Deep red sticky | Brown powdery | Deep red powdery | |||||
| 1 | Alkaloids. | Picric acid | + | + | + | - | + | | + | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Dragondroff | -- | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | - | ||||
| | | Mayer's | - | + | - | - | + | | + | + | + | - | ||||
| | | Wagner's | - | + | - | - | - | | + | + | + | - | ||||
| 2 | Carbohydrates | Molish's | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Fehling's | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Benedicts | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | + | ||||
| 3 | Tannins & | Ferric chloride | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | - | + | ||||
| | Phenols | Gelatin | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | + | ||||
| | | Lead acetate | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | + | ||||
| 4 | Flavonoids | Shinoda's test | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 5 | Gums& Mucilage’s | Alcoholic Precipitation | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 6 | Fixed oils & fats | Spot test | + | + | + | + | + | | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 7 | Saponins | Foam test | - | - | - | - | - | | - | + | + | + | ||||
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